An Empirical Audit

“Scythe Menders,” by Charles William Bartlett, 1912

I finally finished Anna Karenina, which means I now understand how gentleman farmer Konstantin Levin felt when, after spending far too much time thinking about farming, he finally just grabs a scythe and starts mowing hay, real hay

That, gentle reader, is how I felt last week when I talked to Leif Nelson, senior author of the recent PNAS study “Empirical audit and review and assessment of evidentiary value in research on the psychological consequences of scarcity.”  

Some background: A few years back I wrote about a popular concept in psychology and economics called scarcity mindset. In its original form, scarcity mindset refers to the idea that poverty alters how people allocate their attention, making them worse at certain kinds of decision-making (and thus more susceptible to traps like high-interest payday loans).

Early experiments looking at the psychological impacts of scarcity focused on actual financial hardship. In one, behavioral scientist Sendhil Mullainathan and economist Eldar Shafir asked people who lived below the poverty line to think about a hypothetical car repair that cost $1,500, and found that it temporarily impaired their performance on an IQ test as much as losing a night of sleep.

The field has since expanded to include many different types of scarcity, including perceived scarcity, lack of time, social status, etc. It’s a fascinating area and the sources I interviewed for my story, including Shafir, are highly-regarded and articulate. As a freelance journalist, stressed about money and deadlines, I found their arguments that even a perceived lack of time and resources could be taking a toll on my cognitive function easy to accept. I delivered the story my editor had asked for and she liked it, barely touching the copy before posting it. Once it was published, though, I realized that I hadn’t addressed the most important question: Is “scarcity mindset” real? 

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Goodbye, Tree

A man in a hard hat holds a chainsaw while standing in a tree.

The last time I wrote for this blog, I mentioned the black walnut close to my window. It wasn’t the closest tree to my apartment – that’s a catalpa that grows long beans and screens the morning light for me – but it was the second closest, and the walnuttiest. I wrote:

I just recently realized that the bonk! rolllllll sound I’ve been hearing in the fall for years now was black walnuts falling on the roof. This time next year the tree and the empty apartment building will be gone, replaced by something new.

I scheduled the blog post for 4 a.m on my appointed day.

Later that day, a Wednesday morning, I was in a video call. I’d just been asked a question and was thinking about it, slowly, when I realized I was hearing something from the yard next door. The person on the other end of the call could hear it, too. After the meeting I got up and checked: A guy in a bright orange vest was standing in the middle of a weedy curtain of vegetation next door, several feet off the ground, wielding a chainsaw.

The workers didn’t start with my black walnut. First they tackled the mass of green, some combination of weedy trees and kudzu, that ran between the two lots next door. Every time I got up from my desk to check, more was gone. They cut branches and pulled down vines. An excavator turned up to demolish the concrete block building I’d been looking at for 14 years. It was no great loss for aesthetics, but it was my view, and it was changing.

By the time they left, there was a huge gap in the vegetation wall.

Thursday morning, they were back. They took down a different tall black walnut, one heavy chunk at a time. Then another big tree.

Friday morning, the workers weren’t there. When lunchtime came and went, I thought my tree had gotten a weekend reprieve. But, a little before 3, one of the workers threw a rope up and over the lowest big branch. His colleague climbed up and pulled the chainsaw after him. As I watched over the next half hour, he shinnied along the limbs, cutting off more and more pieces. He cut off the part of the tree that reached toward my window and I heard it scrape down the side of my building.

I expected to be sadder. I’d known this was coming for a long time. I’d first heard about the new development next door three years ago, at a community meeting. During this year and a half of working from home, I’ve enjoyed the tree through the seasons—the way the hallway window framed its leaves, the way mushrooms grew on a branch after a couple of wet weeks this year. There’s clearly not enough housing, and that lot next to me is as good as any place for people to live.

In the last days of my black walnut’s life, I kept the windows open as much as I could, and it kept reminding me why trees are so nice. A downy woodpecker was on one of the big limbs, silhouetted against the sky. Later its quiet thud-thud-thud-thud-thud reached me at my desk. I heard a female cardinal chipping amicably and looked out to see her one of the branches. A pair of house sparrows hopped through the twigs, chirping.

I missed the last cut of the tree – I was learning about COVID vaccine outreach from a researcher in Michigan when they brought down the trunk and dug up the stump. When I looked out after my Zoom call, the area was just dirt. I suppose the tree will live on as wood chips somewhere.

Living in a city, any encounter with wildlife feels like a blessing. In the last few weeks several more trees came down, on another lot, for a different much-needed apartment building. My catalpa, the tree still screening my window, is like an island now, the tallest green thing around. On a recent morning a downy woodpecker stopped by to probe the trunk for food, and a starling and a white-throated sparrow. Another time I heard a squirrel fussing and looked out–I tell myself it’s the same scared youth, and I’m glad that it’s still alive a month after my little urban jungle was cleared.

Photo: Helen Fields

Powder Days

This week, I was reading a story from a few years ago about what the last snow on earth might look like. Snow algae, which occur naturally in the snowpack, rise to the surface during the spring; when they emerge, they turn red. This  “watermelon snow,” these days, could be seen as a warning. The algae’s presence means the snowpack absorbs more sunlight and melts even faster, allowing even more algae to grow, melting more snow–another of the many tributaries flooding into the rushing feedback loop of climate change.

I’ve been thinking a lot about the future of snow, too, while reading Heather Hansman’s Powder Days: Ski Bums, Ski Towns, and the Future of Chasing Snow. The organisms she’s looking at are much bigger, multicellular creatures, yet they live for snow in their own, human way. And in the ecosystems we’ve developed around ski towns, there’s a different feedback loop of low wages, unaffordable housing, class and race issues, and mental health challenges, all against the same backdrop of the rising global temperatures.

There’s also joy. That’s why I picked up this book in the first place—I spent several years in one of these mountain towns, trying to find my way both on the snow and off of it. Even back then, the tension between bliss and tragedy there could make your throat ache. The feeling of floating down an open bowl with only granite peaks and Jeffrey pines looking on. The accidents and avalanches every winter. The connectedness of being part of an unseen river of localism that runs on friendships and favor, on two-dollar Tuesdays and leftovers from your boyfriend’s restaurant job. The constant scramble for a paycheck and a place to live, the relentless waves of tourists, the aggressive hum that takes over the lift lines on a powder day, the unsettling nature of a world that depends on how much snow will fall. And the interior tensions, too. the idea that you’re here, in this most beautiful place, doing what you love–yet somehow, you’re letting it all slip through your fingers with all of this thinking about it, while everyone around you seems to know how to live like this.

And that was then. Now, these problems have grown, and grown more entangled. Hansman, a former editor at Powder and Skiing magazines and former ski bum, set off to find out—is this life even possible anymore?

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Snapshot: Spider Man

It’s something that some orb spiders do, a web embellishment whose purpose is debated. It’s called a stabilimentum, and arty spiders named Shea or Absinthe (Charlotte is just too on the nose) spin it out aciniform silk — different material than they use for the surrounding web. Typically its done in concentric circles or an “X marks the spot” dead center.

My spider had a unique vision, a man in a hat, clearly, and after I discovered and oooed and ahhhed over the thing, she must have felt obliged to make progress, so she tackled the neck (not her best work) and that second leg, trailing off to answer her phone, perhaps. (Here’s a funny thing about spiders building webs while on drugs.)

Do stabilimenta keep birds from crashing through? Make the spider look bigger and scarier to predators? Attract potential mates or prey? Create stability–a sort of rebar for webs?

Or might some spiders be designers at heart who can’t help but do a little extra zig and zag? I can imagine this spider finishing up her orb, stepping back to admire her artistry, and thinking, “what does it need? It needs something! But what? Ah! I know just the thing!”

And then she got to work.

SHE?

Some things I seem to write about over and over, year after year, far into the night. One of these things is the situation of women in science, usually physics and/or astronomy. The subject bores me until I start thinking about it, and then I get sort of irate. Enraged actually. Well, flame-throwingly furious. The combination of boredom and fury can take you a long way: I’m just finishing a feature story that answers the question in this post, which first ran September 3, 2014. The answer is yes.

My first interviews for this current astronomy story were with the astronomers I’ve known for decades — whose research I’ve followed, whose talks I’ve attended, whom I’ve interviewed, as I said, for decades.  The astronomers were what they have been likely to be:  men.

Astronomer:  Werk looked at other metal lines.  She found . . .

Me (thinking): She?

Another astronomer: Rudie found extended CGM around z = 2.0.  She does. . .

Me (thinking):  She?

A third astronomer:  Martin has a similar data set.  She detects . . .

Me (thinking):  She?

A fourth astronomer:  Somerville has a good overview.  She’s worked on . . .

Me (thinking):  She?

A fifth astronomer:  When Putman looks at 21-cm lines, she . . .

Me (thinking): SHE?

A sixth astronomer:  Rubin might see a hint for some.  She. . .

Me (thinking):  SHE?   

A seventh astronomer:  Peeples finds it in the CGM.  She’d know . . .

Me (light filling brain):  Is there a pattern here?

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Waiting for a plane

fog \’fog, fäg\ n : vapor condensed to fine particles of water suspended in the lower atmosphere that differs from cloud only in being near the ground ; a state of bewilderment ; something that confuses or obscures

suspend \ sə-‘spend \ vb 1 : to keep fixed or lost (as in wonder or contemplation) b : to keep waiting in suspense or indecision

“Good luck getting off the island,” they said, as we stepped from the Zodiac.

They stood at the top of the boat ramp, three teenage boys slouched deep into their sweatshirts amid the rain-greased rocks, their faces shadowy in their hoods. Behind them, the tiny Unangan town of St. George, Alaska leaned into the emerald green slope, crowned with the matching emerald green roof of a Russian Orthodox church. Nathaniel and I looked back at the ship we had just left. It was the kind of day where low clouds press you into the earth like a heavy thing balanced on your head. But the fur seals rolling amid the kelp near the shore of St. George Island were glossy and light with play.

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Kiss of the Assassin Bug

 

 

I was bitten the other night. I would have taken a picture of the turgid, blood-filled bug that stuck its rostrum inside of me for a liberal helping of hemoglobin, but my girlfriend smashed it with a rock and spattered the thing while I cheered her on. It was hard to resist the killing. Normally, I try and treat other creatures with kindness, but this one stole from me. I was glad to see it go.

The assassin bug, subfamily Triatominae, is one of the true bugs, a class of ambush predator that injects venom into prey, liquifies their interiors, and sucks them inside out. In the case of this subfamily, they are obligate blood feeders. They are also known as cone-nosed beetles, and kissing bugs, for their tendency to take blood from around the eyes or mouth of a sleeping human victim. They inject an anesthetic into the skin of the host as they feed, so at first, you don’t feel a thing.

We’d been sleeping in a sandstone alcove in southern Utah, a place where these bugs hang out to suck from woodrats that nest in the cracks between boulders. Continue reading

The Sea, the Sea

I love to count, and as a student of ecology I have counted many things over the years: sandpipers, whales, ducks, deer mice, penguins, internodes on eelgrass rhizomes, to name just a few. In part I love counting’s essential mundanity. It is so central to any ecological question, but my god can it be boring. With the eelgrass, for instance, it was me, a professor, a couple of other conscripts, a mixing bowl overflowing with long green shoots, and nothing but time. In silence we fingered our way down slender kinked stems, measuring the delicate leaves attached to them, jotting numbers. It was probably as close to enlightenment as I’ll ever come.

Not that I mind more excitement, so a couple of weeks ago I met up with a pelagic seabird survey team for one of their fall counts off the Washington coast. The team were four: Kelly, the leader, who was suspiciously cheerful for the 4:45 a.m. wakeup call; Erin and Sarah, who were more taciturn; and Chad, who was monosyllabic. We all plodded down to the Monte Carlo, a 50-foot fishing charter moored at the Westport Marina. The sun was still hours away as the boat headed for open water, so the only thing I could see was the red light of a channel buoy. The light jumped around like a yo-yo, sometimes fifteen feet below me, sometimes fifteen feet above. The captain had told us the day might start out “a bit bumpy”; I curled up on a bench and closed my eyes.

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