Polio: No End in Sight

By: | April 14, 2011

Since the launch of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative in 1988, intense vaccination campaigns have dramatically reduced the number of cases of polio worldwide. Between 1988 and 2000, the number of polio cases dropped 99 percent — from 350,000 to just 3,000.

But the polio eradication effort appears to have stalled out. Despite an investment of roughly $9 billion and more than two decades of sustained international commitment, polio stubbornly persists. For the past seven years, the number of cases worldwide has hovered between 1,000 and 2,000. The deadline for wiping out the disease has been pushed back again and again. In a New York Times article published in January, Donald McNeil, writes that eliminating the virus is “like trying to squeeze Jell-O to death.” It’s an apt description. “As the vaccination fist closes in one country, the virus bursts out in another,” he continues. Four endemic countries remain—Afghanistan, India, Nigeria, and Pakistan. And the virus has regained a foothold in Angola, Chad, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Sudan.

We have an effective vaccine that provides life-long protection against the virus. So why is this disease so frigging difficult to eradicate? Continue reading →

Guest Post: Limestone, the Civil War’s Great Equalizer

By: | April 13, 2011

I am a bit of a Civil War nerd. I inherited this interest from my dad. Together we have visited many of the Civil War’s top landmarks (we’ve even paid our respects to Stonewall Jackson’s left arm). But for all of the time I’ve spent on battlefields, I never gave any thought to the landscapes on which the war was waged until I read Tony Horwitz’s Confederates in the Attic.

In the book, Horwitz travels to the former Confederate states to understand how the Civil War still influences Southern culture today. At Shiloh, in Tennessee, he meets the park’s historian, Stacy Allen. Horwitz learns how Allen, a physical anthropologist, had debunked several myths about the Battle of Shiloh – and the war – with some scientific detective work.

As an earth science writer, I wondered: What do geologists have to say about the Civil War?  A lot, it turns out. Continue reading →

Bad Actors + Science Metaphor (cont)

By: | April 11, 2011

I’ve kept an eye on neutrinos ever since I heard, back in the mid-1980’s, that not enough of them were coming out of the sun; this sounded serious.  It turned out that the sun was behaving itself but the neutrinos weren’t.  On its way out of the sun, any given neutrino was changing into three different neutrinos, depending on when and where you saw it.  Particle physicists call this oscillation.  I call it bad acting. Continue reading →

How the Other Half Lived

By: | April 8, 2011

Some scientists make great discoveries. Some scientists provide the opportunity for other scientists to make great discoveries. Let us now praise one not-so-famous man.

Victor Blanco assumed the directorship of the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) in June 1967, just five months before the observatory opened. CTIO, a collaboration between U.S. and Chile, was an attempt to correct a grievous astronomical oversight: the skies of the Southern Hemisphere. Prior to CTIO, the number of observatories in the Northern Hemisphere was 88, and the number of observatories in the Southern was 10. The disparity in the quality of observing conditions, however, was even more pronounced. The number of Southern Hemisphere observatories with both frequent clear night skies and exceptional “seeing,” as astronomers call atmospheric conditions, was zero.

When surveyors began scouting for a site for CTIO, they already knew that the Atacama desert, in northern Chile, was one of the world’s driest, meaning that astronomical observations would be relatively free of distortions caused by moisture in the atmosphere. But they found that the desert air was unusually stable, too, due to a semi-permanent high pressure system. They settled on Cerro Tololo, a 2200-meter high mountain in the southern part of the desert, about 80 kilometers east of the coastal town of La Serena.

Blanco was born in 1918 in Puerto Rico. As a child, he earned money by raising pigs, which he named after asteroids—Ceres, Vesta, Ganymede. Before he accepted the directorship of CTIO, he had served as an astronomer at the Case Institute of Technology (now Case Western) and the U.S. Naval Observatory. At CTIO, however, he found that he had to be more than an astronomer, even more than an administrator. He needed to be a diplomat.

When the Marxist Salvador Allende won the Chilean presidential election in September 1970, Blanco learned that U.S. sponsors were reluctant to risk further resources on a project operating under an anti-U.S. leadership. So Blanco traveled to Santiago, met with Allende himself, and received promises of the president-elect’s complete support. During the severe economic and political crises that followed, Blanco later wrote, “not a single observing night was lost.”

Continue reading →

Whispers of forgotten history, traced in bacterial filigree

By: | April 6, 2011

I’ve been thinking a lot about resilience lately, that ineffable quality of being able to withstand trickling insults and outright catastrophe. It characterizes the Japanese ability to remain civil and calm throughout their ongoing weeks of dread, and the ability of some natural systems to bounce back after even the most egregious of impacts.

It also describes the ability of a healthy adult to resist disease or injury, when infants, the elderly or the infirm might succumb.

Resilience, in other words, is wonderful stuff if you can get it.

So what then to make of a pathogen—Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the tuberculosis agent—that is resilient enough to persist a century or more under unfavorable conditions, only to spread again, and rapidly, with devastating effect when conditions are in its favor once again?

Continue reading →

Abstruse Goose: Moment of Clarity 2

By: | April 5, 2011

If you remember from our last episode,  Abstruse Goose:  Moment of Clarity 1, our plucky hero has had a moment of clarity about quantum mechanics.  The clarity was brief and, sadly, it passed.   He tried again months later and this time, he hung onto his moment long enough to begin fretting about quantum spin.  The phrase, “quantum spin,” would seem to imply that a subatomic particle spins, but since a particle is just as likely to be a wave, and waves don’t spin, “spin” really means — hell, I don’t have a clue what it means.  It’s in the math.  It’s a description of some characteristic or other.  How’s that for clarity?

Physicists really do have this problem with quantum entities not making physical sense.   I am amused but not sympathetic.

http://abstrusegoose.com/342

My Coffee Problem

By: | April 4, 2011

On Friday I woke up too early with a splitting headache and chest pain. This was alarming. In the shower, I tried to come up with a list of plausible explanations, but my mind found only one: the four cups of coffee I drank the day before. I wondered, is this how a heart attack begins? For the first time in eight years, I sat down at my desk to work without a mug of jolt.

The rational part of my brain knew why I had jumped to the worst-case scenario. I recently bought a genetic testing kit from 23andMe. After the initial shock about my melanoma risk variants, I calmed down and started digging into the rest of the data. Turns out I carry a variant for a condition that is, in some ways, more unnerving than skin cancer: slow caffeine metabolism.
Continue reading →

The myth of choice in medicine

By: | April 1, 2011

I’m probably not the only one who has noticed a shift in the way we talk about health care these days. It’s no longer about patients taking the advice of their doctors. It’s about “consumers” making “choices” about care.

We’re shifting away from the old model of medicine, in which doctors guided medical decisions because they knew what was best for us. Nowadays we come to our doctor’s appointments armed with printouts from the Internet, try to understand the true risks and benefits of every procedure, and, supposedly, make our own informed decisions.

But the model of consumers and choice isn’t always a perfect fit for medicine, and the ongoing controversy over the Maine home birth study shows why. This month, the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology will publish a series of six letters critiquing the study, released last year, that claimed to find that babies born at home were more likely to die than those born in hospitals. The journal also published the authors’ responses to the critiques.

Continue reading →