The Secrets in a Neanderthal’s Smile

Every time I see a new scientific paper bearing the name of Dolores Piperno, I sit up and pay very close attention. Piperno is a force to contend with in the world of archaeology, a researcher whose work is so unconventional and yet so rigorous that she has won over a small legion of skeptics and naysayers and helped to found an entirely new field of research.

The battle of Piperno v. the old guard hinged on something seemingly arcane, but critical to the field of archaeology–the identification of plant microfossils. The old guard only accepted evidence from one kind of microfossil: pollen. But Piperno, now the Curator of New World History at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History, learned to detect and differentiate between an impressive array of other ancient microfossils. Continue reading

Question of the Year: What is Life, Anyway?

As we near the end of 2010, everybody’s talking about the biggest science stories of the year. I’ve been thinking about these four:

May 20: Craig Venter’s team synthesizes a bacterial genome in the lab, sticks it into an empty bacterial cell, and watches it replicate. Venter calls it the “first synthetic cell“; many headlines prefer “synthetic life“. Controversy ensues.

July 23: NASA scientists take the new Mars rover, Curiosity, for a test drive. When it heads to the Red Planet, in late 2011, Curiosity will hold several instruments equipped to examine whether Mars has “environmental conditions favorable for preserving evidence of life, if it existed.” Continue reading

Abstruse Goose: Convergent Subsequence

The title is a little joke about a math term, “convergent sequence.”  No way on earth can I understand convergent sequences and I doubt if anybody can explain it to me.   “Converging consequences” — now that makes a kind of horrible sense, like maybe an east coast snow storm.  Anyway.  I hope this will be a nice thought for the new year.

You can click it bigger, if you want to read the fine print.

Credit:  http://abstrusegoose.com/1

We, the Planethunters!

Sun, seen from Mars

The last Zooniverse project I spent time on was also their first, Galaxy Zoo 1.   You looked at pictures of galaxies and decided whether they were shaped like spirals or ellipticals.  I could do that, it was fun, and better yet, it was citizen science, 350,000 citizens doing real science with real scientific results, so I wrote about it a lot.  A few days ago, the Zooniverse sent me a little message saying Woo!  New project!  Find a planet around another star!  Test your eye and brain against a computer!  I think:  Bring it on.  I log into the Zooniverse.

Continue reading

Frankincense, Myrrh & Magi

Each year by this date I’m pretty much done with Christmas carols. Few powers on earth could force me to listen one more time to Mel Torme’s The Christmas Song or the Pogues’ Fairytale of New York, superb as these recordings are. But despite all this frying of the synapses by cold, relentless, commercial repetition, there’s still one carol that can still spirit me away to the joy of the season: We Three Kings of Orient Are. The music is gorgeous; the lyrics wonderfully simple. “Bearing gifts we traverse afar/Field and fountain, moor and mountain/Following yonder star.”

The songwriter, John Henry Hopkins Jr., an Episcopalian deacon tending his flock in New York City in 1857, was clearly a man of his times, and the carol he wrote perfectly conjures up the spirit of adventure and exploration that pervaded the Victorian era. But the story of the Magi is, of course, a very old one, from the Gospel of Matthew.  And it has  long intrigued archaeologists–particularly the description of the gifts. Continue reading

Mouse tail opens, shuts global insurance case

A container full of sterile goods left Eastern China one day and ended up, four months later, in the Netherlands. As unpackers were rummaging through packing material, they turned up a tiny mummified mouse. The goods, evidently, were not sterile.

They were insured, though, and the insurance company needed to figure out who was to blame. Did the vermin board in China, or the Netherlands?

The corpse went to the Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis for a taxonomical work-up. The company hoped that by identifying the type of mouse, scientists could pinpoint where it came from.

Researchers determined, based on anatomy, that the critter was an adolescent wood or field mouse from the Apodemus genus. But that didn’t really help: two species of Apodemus scurry through the Netherlands, and two other Apodemus species are native to Eastern China.

Luckily, the geographical boundaries of the Chinese species and the Dutch species do not overlap. So, the team reasoned, if they could identify this specimen’s species, they could solve the mystery.

This required a genetic screening. From browsing online gene databases, D.S.J. Groenenberg and R.W.R.J. Dekker discovered that analyzing the DNA-letter sequence of just one gene—Cytochrome B—would allow them to distinguish between these four species of Apodemus. So the researchers pulled the mouse out of the freezer and snipped off a 4-millimeter bit of its tail.

The extracted DNA betrayed the creature’s identity: it was Apodemus sylvaticus, a long-tailed wood mouse. This species spans a huge geographic range—as far east as Nepal, as far south as North Africa, as far west as Ireland and as far north as Sweden. But A. sylvaticus has never roamed Eastern China. The Dutch were to blame.

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This work (cutely named “A mouse’s tail: How to settle an insurance dispute“) was published online 17 December in Forensic Science International.

Photo by jkonig, via Flickr

Notice: Smart Virginia

Virginia wrote one of Nature‘s (very prestigious outfit) ten best features last year.   Nature‘s editors said so.  The feature, “Science in Court: Head Case,” was about the dicey use of MRI in death sentences for psychopathic murderers.  Fascinating science, real-world implications.   Go read it.

Photo: Gabriel Pollard

Waking the Dead

The subtitle of the show is “Art and Magic,” but the word that haunted me when I visited “Houdini,” an exhibit at the Jewish Museum of Art in New York City, was science.

The magic was certainly there. The handcuffs that couldn’t hold him. The straitjacket that couldn’t contain him. The thrilling films of Houdini diving handcuffed into a river in Rochester, only to surface, unshackled, after barely a moment, or dangling straitjacketed upside-down over lower Manhattan, pupa-like, wriggling until he’s free. Continue reading